Enlight Ment free essay sample

Was a literate and a philosopher, a Jurist and an economist, and above all- one of the most important exponents of the Italian Enlightenment. At the plaza which is named after him there is a statue in his honor. He was born in Milan into an old noble family. He graduated In law and spent his life In Milan were he frequented the del , environment culturally rich and very fashionable, collaborating also with the famous newspaper IN Cuffs ©.With the help of Very, one of the founders of the academy, in 1764 he reached to write and publish in less than a year his most famous work. On Crimes and Punishments, which Is also one of the most significant works of this period of Important cultural transformations. HIS book had a great success in the whole Europe, and especially in France, where he began to travel after an invitation by French Intellectuals. We will write a custom essay sample on Enlight Ment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But he did not fit in this kind of life and he always returned to Milan, where he spent the rest of his life and where he later died In 1794. was one of the most Important catalysts and supporters of the reform movement against continental criminal law which was characterized all over Europe for its extreme cruelty and lack of reason; he had also an important role in the widely spread Enlightenment Reform of XVIII century, Inspired In the Ideals of autonomy, and war against oppressors. The imagination in a mathematician who creates makes no less difference than in a poet who invents. Of all the great men of antiquity, Archimedes may be the one who most deserves to be placed beside Homer.Jean ? Discourse De 1 . Liberty is the right to do what the law permits. -Nonentities 2. All wealth is the product of labor. John This means that if you want to be wealthy (in body, mind or soul) you have to work hard. There Is no way you can get what you want unless you work for It. John 1632 1704 1 690 Essay concerning Human Understanding New opinions are always suspected, and usually opposed, without any other reason but because they are not already common. No mans knowledge here can go beyond his experience. It is one thing to show a man that he is in error, and another to put him In possession of truth . Reason is natural revelation. Crooked things may be as stiff and as straight: and men may be as positive In error as In truth. All men are liable to error; and most men are, In many points, by passion or interest, under temptation to it. 1690 Second Treatise of Civil 1 Whatsoever (man) removes out of the state that nature hath provided and left it in, he hath mixed his labor with, and Joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property. The end of law is, not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. This power to act according to discretion for the public good, without the prescription of the law, and sometimes even against it, is hat which is called prerogative. Kant 1724-1804 1784 Out of the crooked timber of humanity no straight thing can ever be made. 1785 Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics There is an imperative which commands a certain conduct immediately, without having as its condition any other purpose to be attained by it.This imperative is Categorical. This imperative may be called that of Morality. 1785 Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics Happiness is not an ideal of reason but of imagination. 1788 Critique of Practical Reason Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing wonder and awe, the more often and the more seriously reflection concentrates upon them: the starry heaven above me and the moral law within me. Benjamin Franklin 1706- 1790 1735 Poor Richards Almanac Some are weather-wise, some are otherwise. April 1735 Poor Richards Almanac Necessity never made a good bargain. 1748 Remember that time is money. 1758 Poor Richards Almanac He that lives upon hope will die fasting. I 1758 Poor Richards Almanac A little neglect may breed mischief for want of a nail, the shoe was lost; for want f a shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost. November 13, 1789- Letter to Jean Roy: In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes. April 1778 Man is a tool-making animal. When asked what was the use of a new invention, Franklin replied: What is the use of a new-born child? July 1776- At the signing of the Declaration of Independence: We must indeed all hang together, or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately. September 11, 1783 There never was a good war, or a bad peace.

The Importance of Money free essay sample

In this topic we will be studying and describing the fundamental role that money plays in facilitating exchange and, thereby, allowing for specialization. Why Specialization? Then you need to think about it: why money leads to specialization? why an economy needs to use money at all . We may also discuss on the disadvantages of barter. The other thing that need to be focused on is measurement of money. Why we have different type of measurement of money supply? What is the purpose? Last and not least the idea of the payments system, that is, a discussion on the evolution of the payments system from precious metals to currency and checks to electronic funds transfer services—such as automated teller machines (ATMs) and debit cards. For those who be in the forum, try your best to answer the questions that have been given here. These are some of the questions that we are to discuss it in first seminar. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Money or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Outline I. Meeting the Needs of Exchange with Money A) Money makes exchange more efficient and allows for specialization. B) The type of exchange known as barter, where goods and services are exchanged directly for other goods and services is inefficient because it incurs high transactions costs. C) Voluntary trade may be sidestepped by using government allocation to distribute goods and services, but this is unlikely to be successful because it ignores market forces. D) Money has four key functions that make it the most efficient means of trade: 1. Money acts as a medium of exchange, which is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services or in the settlement of debts. . Money is a unit of account, which is a way of measuring value in the economy in terms of money. 3. Money is a store of value, in that it is an asset or a thing of value that can be owned and is, therefore, a component of wealth. 4. Money offers a standard of deferred value in credit transactions. E) The value of money depends on its purchasing power. 1. A decline in the purchasing power of money is known as infla tion and an increase in the purchasing power of money is know as deflation. 2. Changes in the value of money over time can be computed using a price index, which is a summary statistic that reflects changes in the price of a group of goods and services relative to the price in a base year. F) There are five criteria a good must meet to be suitable as a medium of exchange: 1. The good must be acceptable to most traders. 2. It should be of standardized quality. 3. It should be durable. 4. It should be valuable relative to its weight. 5. It should be divisible. II. The Payments System A) The mechanism for conducting transactions in an economy is known as a payments system. B) Definitive money is money that does not have to be converted into a more basic medium of exchange. C) Physical goods, such as gold and silver, when used to accomplish trade are called commodity money. D) A system in which the definitive money is money authorized by a central bank or governmental body as legal tender—that is, the money must be accepted to discharge debts and tax payments must be in cash or checks denominated in that money—is known as a fiat money system. E) Checks are promises to pay definitive money on demand and are drawn on money deposited with a financial institution. 1. Settling transactions with checks requires more steps than settling transactions with cash. 2. Checks are less liquid than cash and there is a cost to using checks. F) Settling and clearing transactions can now be done with computers in electronic funds transfer systems. 1. Debit cards and automated teller machines are examples of electronic funds transfer devices. . Eighty percent of the dollar value of transactions among financial institutions is conducted electronically. G) The efficiency of the payments system reduces the cost of settling transactions. III. Measuring the Money Supply A) Economists have developed different definitions of the money supply based on the differences in the assets included as money. B) The narrowest definition of the money supply is M1, which includes currency, travelers checks, and checking account deposits. C) M2 includes the assets in M1 plus short-term investment accounts. D) M3 includes the assets in M1 and M2 plus such less liquid assets as large- denomination time deposits, institutional money market mutual fund balances, term repurchase agreements, and others E) In the 1980s and 1990s economists and policy makers have considered M2 the best measure of the money supply. F) The monetary aggregates move broadly together over long periods of time, although there have been significant differences in their movements during certain periods.

The Metamorphosis an Example of the Topic Education and science by

The Metamorphosis by Expert MasterNash | 14 Dec 2016 At the turn of the 20th century a struggling Jewish writer living in Prague was trying to balance work and honing his craft. In his lifetime he was not able to taste literary success but was successful in creating one of the most thought provoking work that redefined what writing is all about. His name is Franz Kafka and his masterpiece, The Metamorphosis. Need essay sample on "The Metamorphosis" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed This paper will attempt to interpret The Metamorphosis for the purpose of sharing it to a new generation of readers. It will not be an easy task. Whoever will undertake the work of understanding it must realize that Kafkas opus is like a gem that is multifaceted. Thus, a student reading it must not stop after getting one set of interpretation. This is what makes Kafkas work a good read and part of the reason why interest regarding the material did not wane, even after close to a century since its publication in the year 1915. The Novella College Students Often Tell EssayLab specialists:How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay now?Essay writers propose: Get Academic Writing At Reasonable Price With UsCustom Essay Reviews Get Paid To Write Papers Essay Writer Service Custom Essay Writing Company It is a well known fact that man is a creature of habit. Habits are also formed quite easily. It only takes a few weeks to develop one. Now imagine the activities and hobbies that this person is used to doing. The regular day to day things that were already taken for granted. What if all of a sudden something happens that will disallow the person to have the ability to do the normal and the ordinary? It is an invalids worst nightmare. This crisis being described happened to a character in a Franz Kafka novella. The main character of the story Gregor Samsa woke up one morning with a terrible realization. The traveling salesman, turned into a gigantic bug. He did not only was transformed into a vermin he was also suffering ailments unknown to him and seems to be difficult to diagnose and understand. His transformation was a metamorphosis gone very badly. His voice, his face, his upper and lower body all was changed into something horrible. Of course there is no human bug and of course Kafka wrote fiction. But it can also be understood that the author was using metaphor to communicate a ton of truth. In a creative way Kafka wanted the world to know how it feels to be disabled. The author creatively brings the reader to a place of teaching. But instead of lecturing the students he created a way to communicate the two ways of how a person can be invalid. The first one, by virtue of common sense, everybody knows that the usual cause of disability is through an accident. An unfortunate even that ruins lives like being hit by a car driven by a person who suffered a stroke. It can also come by way of natural calamities such as earthquakes, typhoons etc. But according to Kafkas book without saying it aloud there is another sure way of becoming an invalid. And that is through self-infliction brought about the many negative experiences that plagued the mind. It is self-inflicted because the world around the person is too much to bear. In the book, Gregor Samsa was wasting away on a job that he hates. For reasons that will be made clear at the end, the metamorphosis of Gregor from a super reliable, hardworking, tough as nails person to a hated, ridiculed and much ostracized vermin was for a purpose. Yet at the moment, the life that he knew too well is gone. When a person becomes disable it does not really matter how he had arrived at that stage what occupies the patients mind is how he could get his life back. And that is when the ordeal will start, day one in hell on earth. The first stage is the struggle to accept that life will never be the same again. To those who lost the use of hand, limbs, and senses has to admit that the only thing to do is to move forward. There is a need to realize that it is useless to force the body to do things the way it used to and it is very important to that it is better to function than to die a slow agonizing death. Al Siebert a doctor of psychology has this to say about moving on and beating the odds and the two typical reactions of invalids: Some people feel victimized and blame others for their plight. Some shut down. They feel helpless and overwhelmed. Some get angry. They lash out and try to hurt anyone they can. A few, however, reach within themselves and find ways to cope with adversity. They eventually make things turn out well (Siebert, 1996). The second thing that strikes the invalids heart is the sudden and unexpected rejection of the people close to him. The rejection may not be verbalized but it could be felt and understood just as easily as well. The people close to the victims may feel a tinge of remorse because of the way they reacted to the disability of a loved one but still strong negative feelings show. Sometimes a relative or even a family member will wish for the early demise of a loved one, justifying the wicked thought in the hope of ending the persons suffering. In the story it was Gregors sister, Grete, who demonstrated this kind of behavior. She was vocal about her frustrations in taking care of his brother who turned into a partially immobile vermin. On the final stage of the chain reaction, an unexpected thing will occur. The invalid gives up hope knowing that he will always see himself as a pitiful shell of his old self. Then the people around him suddenly put themselves into new roles. If the invalid was the breadwinner of the house while the rest depended on him for provision, now the situation will reverse itself and the dependent will become the bread winner so that the community or the household will survive. They will suddenly become much stronger in character, will, and purpose for the sake of the disabled member of the family. In the novella Gregor Samsa was the sole provider for the family, earning money to support his father, mother, and sister. While Gregor forces himself to succeed in a frustrating job his family demonstrated what it is to be a slot by not helping augment the income of the family. But when Gregor reached a point of no return and when his physical condition began to deteriorate into hopelessness, his father suddenly experienced a rebirth in terms of zeal in finding work. His father succeeded in his new career while the rest of the family are also discovering their potential to be more productive. As it turned out Gregor was not the only one who underwent a metamorphosis. His family members went into their own metamorphosis as they tried to cope with a member of the family that suddenly became invalid. This is one way of interpreting Kafkas work. But it must be understood that this is just one of the possible interpretation of the novel. One way of trying to comprehend the novella is through viewing the work in the context of the authors life. Thus, a facet of the masterpiece will be seen in a new light. A simple background study of Kafka will help unearth another set of interpretation, closer perhaps to what the author intended for the reader to grasp. Biographical Sketch Franz Kafka was born in the year 1883. He was born in Prague to middle-class Jewish parents. His father was an entrepreneur. According to Emma Chastain: Kafka held on to bitter memories of his childhood, particularly of his upwardly mobile, harsh father. As Kafka admitted in the never-sent Letter to His Father: My writing was all about you; all I did there, after all, was to bemoan what I could not bemoan upon your breast. It was an intentionally long-drawn-out-leave-taking from you. (2004, p. 519). The piece of information revealed above is enough to revisit The Metamorphosis and see some of the component of the story in a different light. But there is more. According to Sander Gilman, at the turn of the century Europe, the Jewish people were experience a whole new level of persecution. At the time when Kafka was growing up the degradation of the Jewish race came in the form of insult to their physical prowess. Gilman secured a copy of the physical exam that Kafka went through as a prerequisite for a job application and this is what the doctors said regarding the frail body of the author, His body is thin but delicate. He is relatively weak [] He has weak chest muscles (2005, p. 14). This view was based on the confession of Kafka who said that, It is certain that a major obstacle to my progress is my physical condition. Nothing can be accomplished with such a body [] My body is too log for its weakness, it hasnt the least bit of fat to engender a blessed warmth to preserve an inner fire (Gilman, p. 16). But it is Emma Chastains insights that proved to be the more significant revelation of all the literature reviewed for this study. Chastain mindful of Kafkas Jewish heritage wrote the following, Kafka did not quiet fit in anywhere. He was a Czech in the Astro-Hungarina empire, a German-speaker among Czechs, a Jew among German-speakers, and a disbeliever among Jews. He was alienated from his pragmatic and overbearing father, from his bureaucratic job, and from the opposite sex (p. 519). Using the above biographical sketch one can now go back to the story of the man-bug and see different insights. It is now clear that the Gregor Samsa was Kafkas alter ego. Gregors dysfunctional family mirrors that of Kafkas own family. The frustration of Gregor Samsa over his work, his inability to excel and show his true worth eerily resembles that of Kafkas struggle to become a great writer. Moreover the pained relationship between Gregor and his father was not just a way of filling up the pages but it was the personal expression of the author longing for his fathers love but was denied of ever feeling his warmth and gentleness. What he got in return was a harsh taskmaster that is content to receive but not able to reciprocate that love given by a dutiful son. The transformation of Gregor Samsa can now be understood as the longing of Kafka to escape his dreadful experience. It is as if he is saying that it is better for him to kill himself rather than continue living. But if that is not possible then maybe turning into a vermin will give him an excuse to stay in his room and not go to work and not face his family and even his employers. The alienation that he felt growing up as a weakling in a country where physical prowess is placed at a high pedestal is difficult for Kafka. But most of all it is his being a Jew that made it difficult for him to blend in. The vermin in the room is a reflection of that feeling. Something that people abhors and someone that the opposite sex fears and rejects. It is now very clear that Kafkas masterpiece is merely a pained expression of what he truly felt inside. And just like what he said in his letter to his father it is the words of a son that was muzzled and not allowed to speak up. It is his communiqu to his father and to his family that he was rejected and taken for granted until it was too late. Conclusion In a time when Hollywood movies are dictated by a simple dance-song formula, Franz Kafka was already experimenting new methods of writing. The man is an enigma to many and his work reflected that personality. A casual glance of his work makes one wonder what he really wanted to say as an author. On the other hand a true literary genius will never be able to downplay Kafkas achievements. He was a free thinker and was not afraid to express what he felt. Others may feel that he is simply a product of his environment. That he is merely a byproduct of a dysfunctional family. An abusive father has driven him to unexpected heights of literary genius and his frustration at work made him more disciplined in honing his skills. Franz Kafka should be admired as a great writer. At the same time his sad life story must be a lesson to all parents and family members that actions of rudeness and the inability to show love and tenderness will affect a family members life. Kafkas work was full of it even if he was clever enough to hide it. Works Cited Chastain, Emma. 101 Novels and Plays. New York: Spark Publishing, 2004. Corngold, Stanley. The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka. 1994. Literature, Arts and Medicine. 6 April 2006 Gilman, Sander. Franz Kafka. London: Reaktion Books, Ltd., 2005. Survivor Personality by Al Siebert PhD. 1996. No Nonsense Self Defense, LLC. 6 April 2006 http://www.nononsenseselfdefense.com/NNSDsiebertsurvivefull.htm

Diversity Scholarship Essay Topics That Are All Over the Place

Diversity Scholarship Essay Topics That Are All Over the PlaceDiversity scholarship essay topics are in demand these days. There are more people trying to get out of their jobs as students and get on with their lives. With more employment opportunities for people of different ethnicities there is more interest in getting a degree that can help them climb the career ladder. However, this isn't the case for some people; they struggle to find scholarships for minorities because the scholarships are being used to fund the curriculum at specific schools.These scholarships need to be tailored towards students who have been at a disadvantage because of their background. However, it's not as easy as it seems to get such scholarships. There is a lot of competition between schools to get this type of grant. Most schools have the same problems because they are competing against each other.Another way to help improve your chances of getting a scholarship is to keep your grades up. You will want to make sure that you are taking and getting a lot of credit towards your high school diploma. You need to keep your grades up because you want the scholarships to consider this as part of your resume. If you don't have an associate's degree yet you still might get a scholarship.You should also consider the other scholarships that are being given out. If you want to get a full ride scholarship at the same time that you are trying to get a scholarship from another school then you should ask about getting one of those. Also, check with the law school where you want to go about getting a scholarship. They might be able to give you a partial ride scholarship.Scholarships are going to take a little more time than your high school diploma but they are very important. Remember that you are in high school so you are going to have to work a little harder. It's going to take you a while to work your way through college. It'snot going to be as easy as going to a few schools and applying for sc holarships.Another option for diversity scholarship essay topics is to write a research paper. This is a good idea because many universities need to see a dissertation that focuses on a particular topic. The problem with writing a research paper is that the competition is tough because the scholarship is in jeopardy if it doesn't get the student into their program. This means that you need to know what you're doing if you want to get this scholarship.It's always best to take notes when you are writing about diversity scholarship essay topics. You need to think about how to talk about the subject matter so that you can sell your argument in a persuasive way. You don't want to miss any details so don't leave out anything important in your scholarship essay.Diversity scholarship essay topics are something that many people are interested in because it could mean that they get an opportunity to make their life better. You have to make sure that you come up with an impressive argument. Th is is the only way that you can ensure that you are getting a scholarship that you can use to get your degree.

Protests Of America essays

Protests Of America essays On May 3, 1970 students of Kent State University rallied to protest Nixon ¹s announcement of war. There was violent protesting all through the night. Windows were broken, cars were destroyed, and buildings were burned to the ground. When the firemen arrived, their hoses were taken by students and used against them. At that point Governor James Rhodes called for the National Guard to come in and protect the campus. The following day Kent State University was under the protection of the Ohio National Guard. Around noon on that day, students protested. They were told to quit, but refused. The first action of the National Guard was to release tear-gas grenades upon the masses of students (Guard Fired in Self-Defense). These grenades were marginally successful, and only caused a temporary retreat. The students then responded by throwing concrete, rocks, and everything else they could find. December 5, 1955 Rosa Parks decides to keep her seat on the bus against a white person. This was the start of the African American protesting for the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King was the leader of this movement by giving great speeches. During his great speech he was shot and killed. Soon African Americans were not segregated. In 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony pressed forward and protested to give women more rights. They wanted women to have the right to vote. They also wanted equal pay for both sexes. Also, they wanted to ban alcohol. With this protesting women have equal rights as men. Women have property rights now, they can vote, Also they can be politicians now. In 1775 the 13 colonies rebelled and protested against they British. This soon led to war and many were killed over differences. American rebelled because of the taxes. Also they had to house and feed the soldiers. The Americans ende ...

Criminal Justice Investigative Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Justice Investigative Plan - Essay Example 3. Usage of proper investigative plans-By utilizing proper investigative plans, the objective of an overall investigation as well as gathering all relevant information concerning a case can be collected upon. This proves to be very efficient in an investigation process (Peterson, 2013). 4. Expand the usage of critical thinking procedures-This aspect takes into concern the importance of analyzing a situation in-depth and also critically examining a situation to gather a fair idea about the future instances of a crime (Peterson, 2013). 5. Application of problem-solving methodologies-This step involves various processes that are implemented to solve a crime. This step may involve various methodologies that depend on the graveness of a particular crime. It generally involves various authorized professionals who perform the methodologies (Peterson, 2013). 6. Managing the case data thoroughly-It is considered to be a primary aspect as in this particular stage, all relevant data serves as e vidences for the conduct of a particular case or a crime event (Peterson, 2013). 7. Usage of data analysis techniques-This step involves full utilization of data that is collected. The data is utilized by way of performing proper analysis techniques that help in better execution of data in a precise and a formative manner (Peterson, 2013). 8. Developing an analytic case package for prosecution-By the development of an appropriate case package, a lot of clarity regarding the case will be ensured. In addition, it will also help in chalking out the major players involved in the case and proper inventory can be maintained regarding the analysis of the case documents (Peterson, 2013). 9. Recruiting trained officers-If officers who are already experienced in the field of preserving law and justice are engaged in solving a case, then it will definitely lead to an extra edge. It will also lead towards making the overall investigation plan strategy more comprehensive (Peterson, 2013). 10. Ex pansion of Crime Resistant programs-The crime resistant programs can be expanded by way of strengthening the rules as well as the regulations in the crime combating divisions. Also by way of ensuring deliverance of proper education regarding security and crime prohibition, massive improvements can be made at large (Peterson, 2013). Question 2 In order to conduct this particular operation i.e. dealing with the situation of multiple daytime robbery attacks, a huge portion of technological assistance would be needed by a certain degree. In this similar concern, firstly, a highly qualified team which could analyze the situation in a skillful manner would be employed. The team needs to be highly specialized in analyzing all the collected evidences so that the series of crimes can be judged accordingly for the purpose of deriving into relevant results. Along with the engagement of highly qualified individuals, proper technical infrastructure will definitely be required. These might includ e projectors and speakers that will be required while conducting meetings. In addition, all the entities associated with the operations are required to work as a collaborative unit. In order to ensure this aspect, they are to be to be provided with proper

Cyber Terrorism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cyber Terrorism - Case Study Example It is generally understood to mean unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives. Further, to qualify as cyber terrorism, an attack should result in violence against persons or property, or at least cause enough harm to generate fear. Attacks that lead to death or bodily injury, explosions, plane crashes, water contamination or severe economic loss would be examples† (Denning, 2000, p.1). Two other definitions of the term were created by the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Coleman whose definitions are as follows: â€Å"unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives† (Wilson, 2008); and â€Å"the premeditated use of disrupt ive activities, or the threat thereof, against computers and/or networks, with the intention to cause harm or further social, ideological, religious, political or similar objectives, or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives† (Coleman, 2003). ... Statement of the Purpose The purpose of the current case study is to present details on cyber-attack that had persisted between Pakistan and India over their territorial conflict on Kashmir. According to Vatis (2001), â€Å"this conflict illustrates the vulnerability of critical infrastructure systems to cyber attacks and the increasing willingness of groups to target sensitive systems during political conflicts† (p. 5). The case study, therefore, enhances awareness on conflicting parties’ increased vulnerabilities to cyber terrorist attacks and, thus, should focus on installing increased protection and security measures to prevent destructive disruptions. Description of the Subject The case covered the conflict between India and Pakistan over a territory: Kashmir. Historical events have traced the geopolitical dispute after the British occupation in 1947. Armed conflicts were used through the years before 1998 to resolve problems, after that the dispute eventually reso rted to electronic warfare ranging from hacking incidents to web defacements that disrupted websites in both private and public sectors of India and Pakistan. Chronology of the Case Study The India – Pakistan conflict over Kashmir could be traced from the end of the British occupation in 1947, when, according to a summarized discourse: â€Å"two countries stood where there once was one. Pakistan separated with the intention of being the nation for the Muslims of India. Kashmir, the roots of the boundary dispute between the two nations, was an autonomous state under British rule and remained so post-partition, when initially given a choice between Pakistan and India. Eventually though,