Reducing Disablement Adequate Appropriate â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Reducing Disablement Adequate Appropriate? Answer: Introducation The current case depends on the procedural exercises of the Human Rights Review Tribunal (HRRT). The Human Rights Review Tribunal is a legal body working in the territories of New Zealand and ensuring the privileges of the people by deciding the rights all in all. The council can practice its control over the issues identified with Human rights Law and Health and Disability Commissioner Act 1994 (Perkins et al., 2015). It has been made under area 50 of the Code of the court that Director of Proceedings can make an intrigue to the council if there are adequate grounds with respect to the supposed offense. It is additionally referenced under segment 51 that if the Director of Proceeding denied taking the charges, the wronged party can make an intrigue to the council legitimately (Squires Anderson, 2015). The council has certain forces that are wide in nature and it built up the use of human rights in the domain of New Zealand. The council decides the human rights matter dependent on generous issues and not on details (Larson, 2017). All the judgments made by the court make suggestions on society. At whatever point, a charge made by the Healthcare and Disability Commissioner under any segment of the guideline, it is the obligation of the court to make prompt move with respect to the equivalent. In the current case, it hosts been seen that the bothered get-together is a twenty years of age adolescent who was experienced range issue and certain scholarly incapacities. He required extraordinary consideration and for a similar explanation his mom connected with Care Group Ltd to offer home assistance to help her youngster (Krahn, Walker Correa-De-Araujo, 2015). Notwithstanding, it has been referenced under the Health and Disability Act 1994 that it is the most extreme obligation of the social insurance specialist to take sensible consideration with respect to the bothered individual. On the off chance that there is any infringement happened in regards to the enthusiasm of an individual, the influenced individual may get certain chances to guarantee for harm from the guilty party. In any case, it has been referenced under area 51 of the Code of HRRT that an individual possibly can make a case if the Director of Proceedings denied making any move. Along these lines, an individual needs to approach before the Director of Proceedings first. Under the Health and Disabilities Act, the definition and the capacity of the Directors have been referenced. As indicated by segment 15 of the Act, it has been expressed that the principle target of it is to the executives the exercises viably. they are mindful to the chief for all these productivity, however with respect to the forces they are not dependable to the official. Along these lines, it very well may be expressed that the executives are getting a charge out of legal situation under the Act. The capacity of the Director has been engraved under area 49 of the Act that gives the Directors to choose issue with respect to disciplinary arrangements or procedure under the steady gaze of the council or court (Furrow et al., 2015). For this situation, it has been seen that the Directors of Proceeding had made a case before the council under segment 50 of the Health and Disability Commissioners Act 1994. The current case pulls in specific arrangements structure the common and criminal law. It very well may be expressed that the help laborer had demonstrated reluctances towards the person in question. In both the common and criminal areas, the litigant had acted carelessly and he had abuse the guidelines referenced under the arrangements of the Health and Disability Commissioners Act 1994 (Humphrey Chiarella, 2015). The current case has been pulls in the arrangements with respect to the Tort Law of New Zealand. Under this Act, any abused individual may bring activity against the transgressor and guarantee for harms. It is the privilege of each resident to get certain advantages to lead life. On the off chance that there is a penetrate happened, the bothered individual may guarantee harm under the arrangement of Tort law. There are sure different arrangements referenced about the grounds or cures that the casualty may move toward in regards to any default made b y the social insurance specialist because of the course of their training. It has been expressed under the Right 4 (5) of the Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights that it is the essential right of a patient to get great quality administrations. In wellbeing segment trust is a basic component. It has been expressed under the pertinent arrangement of law that if the clinical expert has done any careless demonstrations or any individual engaged with medicinal services practice, the casualty can document case before the customer discussion. Nature of the careless demonstration in human services practice is medico-careless. In the current case, it has been seen that the person in question, who lost his life for the careless demonstration of the guardian, was twenty years of age. It is the sheer recklessness of the overseer who had demonstrated his flightiness, however damaged the standards of the Health and Disability Commissioners Act 1994. It has been expressed under area 49 (1) of the Act that an individual can't draw in with more than each patient in turn. For this situation, it has been seen that the supposed individual had cared for two patients simultaneously. Consequently, carelessness has been seen for the benefit of the respondent (Dale St John, 2016). The Crimes Act 1961 oversees the arrangement with respect to the crime of New Zealand. Certain arrangements of the criminal law will likewise be pertinent for this situation. It very well may be expressed that the wrongdoer for this situation had carelessly act and that activity end the life of the distressed individual who used to be his patient. It is his obligation to take care to his patient and he neglected to do it. It has been expressed for the situation that the individual admitted his blame with respect to the infringement of the Health and Disability Commissioners Act 1994. The idea of the wrongdoing for this situation is inadvertent and hence, a common suit will be documented and follow the disciplinary procedures (Arnold, 2013). It is to be noticed that two things should be set up for this situation. The first is the weight of verification and the subsequent thing is the standard of evidence. Weight of evidence intends to show the blame of an individual. If there should arise an occurrence of the criminal cases, the indictment need to set up the reality with respect to the commission of offense. Standard of verification implies the degree of evidence that are required for the equivalent. it delineates the level. Under the Human Rights Act 1993, it has been referenced especially under area 106 that it is the optional intensity of the court with respect to the accommodation of the confirmations. The assessment of witnesses, accommodation of the confirmations either narrative or explanation could be asked by the council. It has been expressed under the Act that specific arrangements of the Evidence Act 2006 will be pertinent here to confirm the announcement or the archives. In New Zealand, there are sure arrangements in regards to the purchaser right upheld. It has been referenced under the Consumer Guarantee Act of the nation that any individual who appreciates certain administrations will be treated as customer. Customer administration can be given to the organizations or open bodies. It has been referenced under the Act that experts are incorporated inside the provisions of the buyers. In the current case, it has been watched the mother of the perished had reached to one social insurance administration and they had designated certain experts to get her out. One of such expert had penetrated his obligation by abusing the arrangements of the Health and Disability Act and the result of the break had ended the life of the person in question. It tends to be expressed here that the mother of the expired was the buyer for this situation and she had endured by the careless demonstration by the expert. It has been expressed under the Act that it is the privilege of the purchasers to get legitimate help and the administration must be done with care and aptitudes. Thusly, it tends to be expressed that for this situation, this specific arrangements have not been followed up appropriately. It was the obligation of the guilty party to give sensible consideration to the patient and cared for them with extraordinary ability. In any case, it has been seen that the wrongdoer had bolted the patient up and went to advertise for shopping. It is the sheer unreliability of the guilty party to catch up his obligations appropriately. It is likewise expressed under the Health and Disability Commissioner Act 1994 that the expert needs to make sensible moves to the patients and they ought not be locked in with more than each patient in turn. The guilty party has damaged this standard referenced under segment 45 (1) of the Act. It has likewise been seen that the case was just because controlled by the Directors of Proceedings. It has been expressed under segment 49 of the Act that in such disciplinary procedures moves can be made by the Director of Proceedings. Certain obligations of the courts are likewise referenced for this situation. It has been referenced under 54 (1) of the Act that if there is adequate ground to held that the respondent had penetrated the arrangements of the code, the Director can guarantee before the council under area 50 of the Act. On the off chance that harm happened in regards to the penetrate of obligation by the litigant and draws in the arrangement in regards to the segment 57 of the A ct, court has the ability to make essential move against the respondent. It has been referenced under the case that the respondent had made careless act and one of his patient kicked the bucket of that. Hence, it tends to be expressed that harm has been happened for this situation and the respondent needed to confront certain discipline according to the desire of the council. Under the Code of Health and Disability Commissioners Act, it has been referenced that the court has the ability to convey solutions for the casualty according to area 54 of the Act. Certain arrangements of the area 50 of the Act will likewise be applied in such case. The council can grant cost against the blamed or it can pass a request to drop the training endorsement of the off

American Fashion Industry in 21st Century

American Fashion in 21st Century ‘Fashion’ is the need to adjust to regularly evolving styles; to dress in unmistakable and current patterns and a methods for one to communicate their independence. Style alludes to keeping each part of one’s body modern for changing reasons. A few people favor a straightforward way of life with unobtrusive clothing while most energetically follow the design business and quickly change appropriately. This expansion sought after for separately customized things including everything from attire and footwear to cosmetics and body piercings is the thing that brought forth the style industry.The foundations of this business can be followed to America in the nineteenth century where it developed quickly and spread over the globe to turn into the exceptionally coordinated industry that exists today. The style business has made a great many employments, expanded national yield and has made huge adding to increments in GDP (Gross Domestic P roduct) but at the same time is joined by misuse of work, dietary issue especially in models and furthermore the development of fake products.The global design industry depicts a perfect body type generally known as the ‘size zero’ which ladies regularly endeavor to accomplish. This leads them not far off of low confidence, starvation and even self-mutilation regularly bringing about dietary problems, medical problems and even self destruction. Models between the age of 18 and 24 for all intents and purposes quit any pretense of eating and furthermore resort to utilizing medications and liquor to battle the following melancholy and touchiness which inevitably prompts some of them kicking the bucket youthful, all equitable to pick up section into the style industry.Natasha Duncan was one such conspicuous American model who ended it all at the time of 21(Rose 1). The worldwide style industry extends the picture of flimsy and excellent individuals that have been enhanced w ith Photoshop to flawlessness in this way making a perfect picture of how ‘fashionable’ individuals should look. Regular ladies get cognizant about their own looks and afterward attempt to accomplish this degree of flawlessness, the way to which frequently experience dietary problems, for example, anorexia nervosa and bulimia.In actuality, it is evaluated that 8 million Americans experience the ill effects of a dietary issue †7,000,000 ladies and one million men( Fashion 1). By and by it is contended that the American design industry has made crucial commitments to its as far as making work openings and boosting GDP. Actually, notwithstanding the extreme downturn, the style business is one of the most steady and high-development ventures in the economy.This is on the grounds that, independent of swelling and wages, individuals despite everything need to purchase garments, footwear and cosmetics and the design business is one that can quickly adjust to give them. By and large, $1,700 on clothing, footwear, and related items and administrations which is the reason it produces over $20 billion in income is yearly (Fashion 1). In addition the style business had a significant impact in giving occupations when different enterprises were terminating people.Currently it utilizes more than 4 million individuals under the accompanying zones: structure, fabricating, conveyance, showcasing, retailing, promoting, correspondence, distributing and counseling (Fashion 1). Next to making occupations and expanding GDP, the style business has advanced the opportunity of articulation by permitting people to communicate through their clothing. Style creators quickly concoct imaginative and innovative thoughts in this manner basically advancing the lives of individuals and making them more interesting.This is unequivocally why design shows are held: they allow models to display their abilities and furthermore an open door for them to cooperate with models from dif ferent nations, networks and ethnicities which permits them to communicate and their special personalities. At the point when individuals are sharp looking as indicated by what is in style, this would mirror the way of life and thinking about the general public. By the by, it must be noticed that style prompts rivalry among individuals to look better than others which shows itself through envy, disdain and even sabotage.What is more, this finish reaches out to originators too since they endeavor to separate their items present imaginative styles which can bring about a wasteful utilization of assets and unlawful strategic policies. This requirement for cost minimization is one reason with respect to why the design business abuses modest remote work. The excitement, the runways and the shows are only the front of a dull foundation. This industry takes a shot at the premise of subcontracting, where planners place orders with producers who at that point enlist sub-contractual worker to finish their orders.Since this industry is profoundly serious subcontractor are given just take or leave alternative with frequently less installment contrasted with measure of work which compels them to fall back on utilizing modest work in their own workshops which regularly wind up taking after perspiration shops. Regardless of whether this isn't the situation, planner brands have their own units to create their products. As of late a significant number of the design retailers have been blamed for coming up short on their laborers and damaging global work laws by running sweatshop. These include incredibly low wages, long working hours and poor working conditions.Earlier this month, manufacturing plants in Cambodia were examined for conceivable infringement work laws. These production lines created garments for the quick design retailer H&M which was seen as paying their laborers a measly pay of $61 per month by a Swedish TV program called ‘Kalla Fakta’(Keilla 1 ). Since America is incredible nation, it arranges exchange concurrences with creating nations based on organized commerce understandings. Renowned brands at that point move their creation units to such nations where misuse is exceptionally normal. As indicated by a U. S. ommerce division report, the fundamental compensation for article of clothing laborers in Honduras is $0. 473 every hour, or $3. 47 every day. Subsequent to deducting costs for transportation to and from work, breakfast and lunch expenses of $2. 59 that leaves $0. 80 every day for families and other essential needs ( the Ethics pg 345). This is viewed as totally out of line when laborers are not really getting by yet then again style houses are making attractive benefits. Notwithstanding these the design business has a negative social effect through the formation of fake products.These are copies of unique items which are sold at significantly lower costs in illegal businesses everywhere throughout the world. It is contended that this training is out of line since certain purchasers are paying more than other for a similar decent. In America such issues are significantly progressively complex in light of the fact that their lawful framework just secures usefulness and not structure or style. Since style houses have globalized their creation and dispersion process, it gets simpler to deliver fake merchandise. This is spoken to by the way that the U. S. customs made 6500 seizures in 2003 worth over $94 billion (the Ethics pg 346) .High interest for design merchandise gives different business the motivator to make counterfeit duplicates of unique products and sell in the market. This not just motivations a misfortune in the deal for style organizations yet additionally builds the likelihood of clients erroneously buying counterfeit things. In its yearly ‘’special 301† audit, the workplace of the U. S. Exchange Representative (USTR) distinguished in excess of 30 nations as plac es for duplicating and theft and evaluated that American ventures lose$200 Billion-$250 billion per year to forging (the Ethics pg 347).The global style industry has altogether changed from what it began in the nineteenth century to affect various parts of one’s life as the contentions above have illustrated. That being stated, these progressions are not consistent and proceed to develop and advance because of various factors accordingly making it hard for market analysts, industrialists and approach producers the same to equitably gauge the style enterprises advantages and disadvantages.What can be said for certain however is hindrances, for example, abuse of work, dietary problem and adapting of thought and thoughts makes more mischief the general public as contrast with its focal points, for example, making more occupations and expanding globalization. Work Cited Al-Azzawi, Ali Malik. â€Å"Fashion Industry and Media Today: The Negative Impact on Society. † (n. d. ) : 109. Print. Style Industry Stats/Fashion Industry Statistics.  © Copyright SiteRapture, Inc. 2012, 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. <http://www. grabstats. com/statcategorymain. aspx? StatCatID=12>. Is Fashion Harmful to Society? †Ã‚ Debate. organization. Copyright  © 2012 Debate. organization, 25 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www. banter. organization/feelings/is-design hurtful to-society>. Keilla. â€Å"Fashionably Informed: Exploitation of Labor and Popular Clothing Retailers †College Fashion. †Ã‚ College Fashion. Copyright  © 2007-2013 College Fashion LLC, 25 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www. collegefashion. net/design news/stylishly educated abuse regarding work mainstream garments retailers/>. Rose, Derek, and Alice Mcquillan. â€Å"WILHELMINA MODEL KILLED SELF, COPS SAY.  NY Daily News. N. p. , 23 July 2001. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www. nydailynews. com/files/news/wilhelmina-model-murdered cops-article-1. 9 30784>. â€Å"Sweatshops. †Ã‚ Sweatshops. Style Crimes, 25 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <https://www. mtholyoke. edu/~nshah/fashioncrimes/Sweatshops. html>. The Ethics of Counterfeiting in the Fashion Industry: Quality, Credence and Profit Issues Brian Hilton, Chong Ju Choi and Stephen Chen, Journal of Business Ethicsâ , Vol. 55, No. 4 (Dec. , 2004), pp. 345-354 <http://www. jstor. organization/stable/25123399>

Aging Theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Maturing Theories - Assignment Example The clinical ramifications of mature age is gloom and anxiety coming about to high helplessness to sicknesses (Miller 2009). Viability of drug is accomplished when people acknowledge their wellbeing circumstances. It is understood that the franticness that accompanies mature age brings down the purpose to live and withdraws the unconvinced more seasoned people from the general public (Alexander 2009). The trickledown impact of inability to acknowledge the indications of mature age fuels the weakness to contaminations. Nursing guidance significantly enables the old to remain socially dynamic and connected inside the cultural exercises. Maturing is a perspective when people become nostalgic of their past, become less monetarily profitable and separated from the dynamic cultural exercises. The transaction old enough determinants brings about expanded urgency and sadness. Misery and urgency brings about the endurance fight for at mature age because of the certainty of death (Alexander 2009). The organization of medicine to the maturing people needs to serve to reconnect the old with the general public and simultaneously reduce their illnesses. Double act of nursing including the social gathering of the withdrew matured patients and the mental help to cultivate the adequacy of medicine makes a test the nursing

Health Planning and Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wellbeing Planning and Regulations - Essay Example This paper targets examining United Health Group Company profiled in America’s Health Insurance plan, talking about its program and sentiment on how it will improve the training of the individuals it is focusing on. The America Health Insurance plan has in excess of 1200 organizations which offers medical coverage to more that 250 million of Americans. One of the organizations profiled in the Insurance Plan is United Health Group Company. This organization assumes an extraordinary job in pushing wellbeing proficiency to Americans, since, they are answerable for making it troublesome or simpler for individuals to utilize and discover wellbeing administrations and data. It gives current wellbeing data, which is significant for most Americans to settle on choices on their wellbeing. Wellbeing Literacy can influence the two individuals with training aptitudes or not. It is a test to numerous people, similar to when they don't know about clinical terms and how their bodies work. Moreover, some of the time they are compelled to decipher dangers or numbers so as to settle on choices dependent on their wellbeing, or when they are determined to have frightening ailment. A few people have complex conditions, which require convoluted self-care. As indicated by, Health (23-36) absence of wellbeing education influences grown-ups in all ethnic and racial gatherings. Both uninsured and safeguarded grown-ups have low proficiency and wellbeing aptitudes. Moreover, both school graduates and secondary school graduates can have constrained proficiency. Joined Health Group Company program helps both unschooled and educated comprehend and procure wellbeing data. The company’s program comprises of wellbeing instruction crusades that are intended to support the Americans and their families comprehend bunch laws and medical advantages which administer them, particularly when they are encountering changes in progress, labor, retirement, work misfortune, work circumstances and relationships. It helps in teaching them on a portion of the advantages of wellbeing inclusion

5 Law School Personal Statement Mistakes to Avoid

5 Law School Personal Statement Mistakes to AvoidLaw school personal statements, as you might imagine, are the heart of any application. Every applicant for admission to a law school hopes that his or her statement will qualify as law school's equivalent of the SAT or ACT.Although it might seem counterintuitive, the personal statement is the most important thing that admissions officers see when they look at a complete application. It is the first impression of the applicant, and in turn, it can make a big difference in whether that person gets a call back for an interview. Although most universities require applicants to have a good first impression, it is still not a foregone conclusion that the application will be read in this light.There are several common mistakes that can be made in a person's statement, some of which are the result of a person's inexperience, while others stem from poor writing style. For the sake of the reader, it is important to ensure that these issues are addressed. Here are five things that every applicant must avoid when writing his or her personal statement.- Falling into bad habits that are common in law school writing: There are hundreds of styles and commands for writing statements, but some of them can also lead to certain kinds of writing that a student should avoid. For example, statements that use adjectives such as 'brave'willing,' as well as cliches such as 'I never ever thought about my childhood.' These may be cute, but they do not do justice to the applicant.- Making simple, grammatically-correct sentences: A good statement is meant to be learned rather than memorized. Good candidates for law school acceptances may already be comfortable with the way that language works, so they are better served by writing shorter, more succinct and easy-to-read statements. If the question is, 'What kind of person do you want to be when you graduate?' it's best to say, 'Who I am and who I'm not.'- Writing overly descriptive adjectives : Some statements tend to focus on the person who is applying. This kind of statement usually has a generic ending that does not let the reader get too specific about the person. It is better to speak about the qualities the applicant wishes to achieve, rather than trying to draw the reader into specific details.- Giving away information that is important to the story: A potential interviewer is likely to want to know where the candidate went to school, what type of coursework he or she took, and if there is a law degree. For this reason, a potential law school may be tempted to give this information away in a statement. An applicant, on the other hand, should be careful not to do this.The thing about writing a personal statement is that it is only one part of a complex process. Careful attention to both structure and content is a way to go, especially if the personal statement is an initial or supplement to the entire application.

The effect of the financial crash on Kazakhstans economy - Free Essay Example

Financial Crises. Analysis of House prises in London and Almaty and how world financial crises affected Kazakhstans economy. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 2 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Background 5 3.0 Methodology 9 3.1 Research Philosophy and Approach 10 3.2 Research Strategy 10 3.3 Information Search 10 3.4 Research Questions 12 4.0 Literature Review 13 4.1 Kazakhstan 17 4.2 London 27 4.3 Subprime Crisis 37 4.4 Global Financial Sector 39 5.0 Evidence 41 6.0 Conclusion 48 7.0 Recommendations 50 Bibliography 57 Abstract The subprime market crisis that hit the financial markets in the summer of 2007 caused a series of negative market reactions on a global scale. The tightly entwined nature of world financial markets represents a global loop whereby occurrences in one market have implications in and for others. This factor has been and will continue to be one that triggers international financial incidents, and in some cases they result in what are termed as a crisis. A crisis is defined as an unstable or crucial time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending; especially :one with the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome[1]. This describes the financial situation that forms the basis for this study, the subprime mortgage meltdown in the United States that hit the global stage in the Summer of 2007. In equating the ramifications of the preceding, two locales will serve as the focal point of the foregoing. London and Almaty are two examples that offer a distinct contrast in terms of where they sit in the global economic arena. London is located in the financial stable European Union, and is a city that has gone through differing economic turmoil in its long history. Almaty, is located in Kazakhstan, a new country that was borne out of the ashes of the break-up of the Soviet Union, and is seeking its economic identity through creating an infrastructure that is being crafted from the state run Soviet system that left few positives in its passing. The financial services sector is often a little understood arena owing to the complexities of how it operates within the context of international economic activity and the variables of the market economy. The intricate nature of the ties between differing regions, and how they interact upon one another represents a complex set of macro and micro economic aspects within which this crisis developed and impacted every corner of the globe. This study shall look into the manner in which this financial crisis affected the real estate markets in Almaty, Kazakhstan as well as London, England looking to uncover the why of this impact, along with the ramifications. 1.0 Introduction The tightly interlinked nature of the global economy has brought every corner of the globe closer together as a result of the advances in technology. This fact is also of course true for the financial services sector. In the later part of 2006 a financial issues began brewing in the United States as a result of lending activities in the home real estate sector. The underlying problems created from the lending of favourable interest rate loans that were put into motion by the Federal Reserve System in the United States to spur economic growth translated into a later meltdown as a result of defaults. The Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Paulson, Jr., stated that the situation came about because of some bad lending practices[2]. Timing, circumstances, and other factors in the complex web of national economics that are tied to global economics can generate an unpredictable set of occurrences that can mushroom in almost any direction. Such is the situation that befell the subprime mortgage arena as it reeled from a cascading series of events than impacted global markets. So great were the ramifications that the situation still threatens the U.S. economy. Fears of a recession have been forecast as a possible outcome of the downturn this situation contributed to. The discussion of what transpired in the United States is integral to understanding the wave of events that represent the focus of this study. There are those who believe that the foundation for the crisis was laid in good economic principles, and it was the greed of some operators in the U.S. financial sector that abused the directive with what is termed as predatory lending practices[3]. There are others who fault funds and banking systems for helping to fuel the underpinnings that lead to the crisis, and still others who think that such market shake outs are the way in which the international financial sector finds ways to deal with loose bolts within th e system[4]. Alexander et al (2002) tell us that[5]: Finding that some loans are more risky than others does not, by itself, imply a market inefficiency. Inefficiency exists only if loans with different risk receive similar interest rates. We document such an inefficiency. The ramifications of the tightly wound international financial system is that while it provides opportunities to make money, it also magnifies the downsides and loses money. Gains always have their negatives, thus financial mishaps have and will continue to happen. In understanding the subprime financial crisis, a broad number of topic areas will be covered herein to draw a picture of the matter in which financial markets work in this instance. One key aspect of the foregoing is liquidity. McGee[6] tells us The essence of a liquidity crisis is a flight from riskier assets to cash. In understanding the many contributing factors, one has to be mindful that this situation originated in the United States, thus there are other considerations that also factor into the equation. Financial crises situations are nothing new; they are market occurrences that appear on an all too frequent basis. Chi and Gai[7] provide a perspective on this: The spate of financial crises in emerging market economies as diverse as Brazil, Korea, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey, during the 1990s has focused attention on the importance of improving the policy framework for the management and prevention of crises. A distinctive feature of these modern crises has been the role of imbalances in the national balance sheet. Maturity, currency, and capital structure mismatches meant that the capital account took centre-stage, with large external financing gaps emerging as a result of unparalleled reversals of capital flows. Foreign investors wanted, and attempted, to withdraw from these countries at the same time, much like a run by depositors on a bank. Once sentiment soured sufficiently so that a critical mass of investors rushed to withdraw their claims, the crises became self-fulfilling as others found it rational to join the herd. The preceding situation represents a different financial crisis, however it does provide us with some valuable insights that will guide us through the varied aspects that will be discussed herein. The important part of their statement is the fact that risk represents an underpinning in financial transactions, thus risk is a situation to be minimised. A sense of the complexity of this examination is provided by Langley[8] who states: Any attempt to apprehend contemporary world finance encounters not only significant structural changes that cannot easily be captured, but also the predominance of neo-liberal political economy in framing our knowledge of world finance. Alternatives to the neo-liberal mode of knowledge of world finance are a necessary first step towards forestalling the worst eventualities of the current structural transformation. Neo-Liberalism represents a facet of this examination in that[9]: The most powerful coalitions between state agents and economic actors are found in liberal political economies. The Soviet Union offered an alternative to capitalism that theoretically emphasized economic justice and material welfare, one that intertwined economic and political power even more closely together than elites are thought to be in liberal capitalist states. Even so, the power of the economic agents of the Soviet state was more structurally constrained than the power of capitalist states and their agents. In a global economy, the underpinning foundation is capital, and the movement of that capital to effect borrowing and lending, along with the financial instruments that accompany such action[10]. Capital movements have cycles that are marked by up turns and down turns based upon the activities within markets and the decision of the cogs (individuals) that run the machinery. The foundation, influence, reasons and reasoning behind those decisions represent paths that lead in differing directions which impact other course of actions that create cycles. This study shall follow these paths as they related to the subprime crisis. 2.0 Background As indicated, the financial crisis under examination originated in the United States, starting as far back as 2002. The ramifications of that event shall be covered in the Literature Review of this examination. In setting up the path of understanding for the journey through the twists and turns of the crisis, a foundational pillar of understanding is necessary in order to see the varied ramifications. Carrada-Bravo[11] advises the process of creating value starts with the identification of a market need. Todays international financial system is an outgrowth of[12]: The collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in the early 1970s marked the last major turning point in the evolution of global finance, ushering in the generalised non-system of exchange rate arrangements that survives today. However, at least as important in the development of international financial relations since then has been the enormous growth in the volume of international capital flows. In large part, this growth is attributable to the dismantling of the panoply of exchange controls introduced during the Bretton Woods era to facilitate exchange rate management by central banks under the auspices of the International Monetary Fund. In understanding the dynamics of the circumstances that comprise the comparison of events in London and Almaty, Makin[13] provides us with an important capsulisation of the underpinnings that will be brought out herein: The domestic financial markets of many economies have therefore been increasingly internationalised in the wake of liberalising policy initiatives implemented by governments around the world. Financial market liberalisation in many advanced economies was virtually complete by the late 1980s. With the removal of previously stringent regulations over domestic and international financial transactions, institutional barriers impeding the movement of financial capital between many regions of the world have now largely disappeared. Accompanying the domestic deregulatory changes were tighter prudential arrangements in advanced economies aimed at strengthening the capitalisation of banks and hence the stability of domestic financial systems. Such accompanying arrangements have been lacking in many emerging economies however and this has been a fundamental reason for recurrent financial crises in these economies The highly integrated nature of international financial markets as a result of globalisation has integrated national economies to the point that the world is virtually a seamless flow of capital. The foregoing, combined with the international liberalisation of world financial markets that arose out of Bretton Woods facilitated a dramatic increase in financial movements across borders that has been aided by advances in technology that have reduced transaction time, and lowering costs[14]. The increased efficiency of the preceding has helped to increase the pool of funds available for lending activities to all nations. Capital mobility is the underpinning for the preceding as fund availabilities can be quickly correlated. These advances have brought with them inherent problems, one of which is an important facet of the manner in which the subprime crisis impacted Almaty more than it did London. The following provides insight into an area that is an important point of understanding to b e remembered[15].: International money market activity of this order and the lightning speed at which funds can now quit countries has also prompted many commentators to question its worth and, in light of heightened vulnerability to foreign investor sentiment, to emphasise its perceived dangers. In particular, strong objections to the ever-increasing trend of financial globalisation have been raised on the grounds that the governments of the economies most affected have ceded their economic sovereignty to international investors. Thus, the actions of individuals within a market can start a feeding frenzy based upon the promise of available opportunities that seem to be available in the future to entice bankers into lending policies that incur the preceding. This is exactly what occurred in Almaty, as shall be explained in the Analysis. Given the aforementioned complexities involved in a discussion of this crisis. This background is being utilised to inject core issues that will be useful in understanding the circumstances and other areas to be explored. In finance, risk equates into a higher rate of return as fewer opportunities for borrowing are present. This has been a fundamental principle of lending since antiquity. High current account deficits along with rising foreign debt, means more risk, thus interest premiums must be charged. This makes the cost of money higher inside a country and acts as an inhibitor to borrowing. The preceding translates into the creditability of the borrower and the circumstances involved. Desai and Said[16] help us in understanding the relationships involved in international finance in term of how they apply to the countries in which London and Almaty are located in, which impacts the events that occurred: Financial crises, from the perspective of territorial order, arise because of a loss of control by sovereign states over financial markets and financial flows. The problem is invariably seen as one of inadequate regulation, the failure of governments either individually, or in concert with others, to exert sufficient control over the international economy. Economic agents have created patterns of activity which have escaped the control of governments. The response to these problems is to find ways of restoring the control of each sovereign state over these activities by increasing regulation. This may involve enforcing existing powers, or creating new institutions, either intergovernmental or national in their scope. In times of crisis, increased financial regulation is imposed either internally by the sovereign state, or externally by lending controls that make the cost of money more expressive, and thereby limits its use. This represents what Desai and Said[17] tell us is cosmopolitan order in global finance that: emphasises not state sovereignty but either market sovereignty or the sovereignty of capital accumulation. There are many different variants of the cosmopolitan conception of world order including neo-liberal, Marxist and Austrian strands but what all of them share is the assumption that the state and politics are subordinate to the way in which the economy is organised, whether this is the spontaneous market order of Hayek or the system of production relations of Marx. These structures determine how the society as a whole evolves and they supply its ordering principles. This means that states have to operate within fairly tight constraints, imposed by the way in which markets and accumulation work. They do not have much discretion in determining their responses. The growth of a global system of production and exchange, from the very first, tended to run ahead of states and national jurisdictions. It ended up undermining and circumscribing them. It has not destroyed them, but it has created powers, resources, networks and institutions which go far beyond them and which it is impossible for states to control without destroying the conditions for economic growth and prosperity and with them the fiscal basis for their own existence. World order is cosmopolitan rather than national in this sense. It is based not on states and intergovernmental co-operation, but on the logic of markets and capital accumulation. The preceding is another important central aspect that is a part of this study, in that it applies to Almaty, and how the subprime meltdown ripple effect was handled to bring about a correction in Kazakhstan. 3.0 Methodology The approach to this study utilised a number of techniques to approach the examination of how the United States subprime mortgage crisis impacted Almaty and London. The complexity of the situation entailed looking at economic, statistical, historical, pre and post market factors, and other elements to equate the forces acting upon various markets in order to glean a picture of the what transpired. The following will set forth the various techniques used. 3.1 Research Philosophy and Approach Qualitative and quantitative research was used in this study as the combination of these two approaches led to a more comprehensive understanding of the forces acting upon the situation. The foregoing aided in equating key aspects of the study as represented by occurrences that transpired in the market, along with historical components. Secondary research that entailed books, journals, magazines and the Internet were used as the study entailed gathering past data and contemporary information in order to compile a picture of the situation and aspects associated with this investigation. As the range of the examination took in a broad array of financial, market components, it must be understood that in researching data it might have been possible that some information was either overlooked and or not available. The volumes of data on the study also rendered the possibility that some more important sources of information where not found that could have potential altered the findings, ana lysis, conclusions and or recommendations reached. In order to guard against such possibilities a number of differing sources were reviewed in order to form a more balanced assessment of the information. 3.2 Research Strategy One of the research methods utilised in this study represented what is termed as a cross-sectional study. The foregoing represents a method entailing observation of a number of items during the same point of time[18]. The preceding was utilised as opposed to a longitudinal study as the later represents observations occurring over a long period of time[19]. In conducting this study utilising the cross-section method, the foregoing entailed explorative, as well as descriptive and explanatory facets as it delved into the nuances of the industry, seeking to describe the contextual factors, along with the explanation of strategies, and tactics. The vast views of approach, and thought contained in understanding this study takes in a broad range of secondary research as this method provides exposure to a balanced view that is not skewed by what can occur in primary research. Secondary research allows us to be in touch with many different points of view, however, it can not always be relied upon as the researcher may have sourced the wrong materials in making the analysis, and or missed certain key points that were either not available, or unknown at the time the study was conducted. Secondary research represents the gathering of information from books, journals, articles, other research sources, and case examples. Secondary research represents a means to collect information regarding techniques and procedures, as well as strategies, rationales and the reasons behind courses of action, and or circumstances. Within this study, the literature search represented the main sources of information. It, the literature search, consisted of an examination of existing material, searching for information pertinent to the project. The means via which to approach the study of a project can take on many forms. Inductive and deductive research represent two techniques that can be brought together to understand the views of differing approaches to the area under examination[20]. The combining of research methodologies has been advised as a means to improve the quality of an examination, and it is possible to bring these different approaches to bear on one study, whereby there are advantages in so doing. Table 1 Comparison of Inductive and Deductive Research[21] Deductive Research Emphasis Inductive Research Emphasis Utilises scientific principles Gains an understanding of the meanings people attach to events Moves from theory to data Obtains a close understanding of the research context Collects quantitative data Collects qualitative data Utilises the application of controls to ensure the validity of data Represents a more flexible structure that permits changes of the research emphasis as the research progresses Is a highly structured approach Makes the understanding that the researcher is a part of the research process The researcher is independent of what is being researched Has less concern with respect to the need to generalise Has a necessity to select samples that represent sufficient size in order to generalise conclusions Saunders (2006, p. 121) advises that the path of deductive research often is faster in terms of completion, as the data collection is usually based on what he terms as one take. Inductive research however, states Saunders (2006, p. 121) can be much more protracted in that frequently the ideas are based on a much longer period of data collection and analysis all of which has to emerge gradually. 3.4 Research Questions In order to equate the answer or answers to the query entailing how the financial crisis impacted the real estate sectors in London and Almaty, the research questions entailed looking into an understanding of how economies work on a national as well as international level, along with financial market operation on a national and international level. 4.0 Literature Review Allen[22] in his book Financial Crisis and Recession in the Global Economy tells us of the fact that the rapid expansion and globalisation of financial markets shadows most other recent developments in international economics. The foregoing is a critical component in the understanding of the recent U.S. sub prime mortgage crisis and its impact on global markets. Allen[23] advises that during the past twenty years, the international financial sector has changed and advanced in dramatic fashion, earmarked by the introduction and success of an entirely new currency, and change in the underpinnings of financial cohesiveness that impacts the countries of the European Union as well as the rest of the world. The Euro is the singular most noteworthy development in the rapid expansion of international finance that is marked by a host of important occurrences. He explains that new financial instrument such as derivatives, offshore banking, offshore financial markets, along with numerous other developments are at work in a global financial system that binds itself closer and closer by degrees each day Allen[24]. In his book, Allen[25] explains that the advances in information technology has directly impacted the growth and interlinkages in international finance as he states: A financial transaction can loosely be defined as any business arrangement where money changes hands but the only other thing that changes hands is documentation. Both money and documentation are moved by information technologies; therefore financial market activity is enhanced by advances in those technologies. Expanding use and performance of electronic and regular mail service, telephones, computers, fax machines, image processing devices, communication satellites, fibre optics, the World Wide Web and so on creates better opportunities in finance In illustrating the foregoing, Allen[26] explains that in the early 1980s financial transactions were communicated across telephone lines, via facsimile machines, and satellite transmissions that were collectively owned and operated by national governments through Intelsat in proportion to national use. In his book, Allen[27] advises that developments in the speed of transmission of the facsimile machine during the 1980s corresponded to increases in international financial transactions. In the early 1980s a single page transmission took six minutes, by the end of the 1980s that time frame was down to three seconds. Increased speed in transmission times helped to facilitate international financial transactions, thus bringing global financial instructions closer together in terms of their ability to conduct business in a more timely manner. In todays world, international financial transactions take place over T1 networks employing packet-switching networks that can communicate with any bank, anywhere almost in real time, as volumes of data and documents can be transmitted in seconds[28]. The significance of the advance of technology is further explained by Allen, as he stated[29]: Changes in communications have always affected the structure of finance, but these developments of the last few decades are responsible for the truly global nature of todays financial markets. As participants use these new technologies and networks, linkages are formed between various national and international sub-economy financial markets. New international opportunities have occurred for centuries, but only recently has interdependence become so pervasive to merit the word global The rapid developments of information technology and its impact on global monetary movements brought capitalist economies closer together and rendered the opposing state planned economy as a dinosaur, thus, along with a long list of other important development, helped to lead to the collapse of communism as an alternative economic system[30]. The developments in information sharing systems, transmission, interbank transactions, international currency and stock trading underpins what is termed as the global economy that transcends the centurys old manifestation of borders. DeMartino[31] helps us to better understand the preceding by explaining: emerging today is not just the latest experiment in economic organization, it is, indeed, the highest possible form of economy. Global neoliberalism, the extension of market-based economic integration across all local, regional and national borders, will provide humankind with the optimal means to achieve prosperity from now until eternity. With the perfection of the global capitalist market economyand the consequent eradication of communism socialism and all forms of state planningeconomic history as the contest among alternative forms of economic systems come(s) to an end. DeMartinos[32] statement concerning neoliberalism represents an important concept within the context of this examination, thus it shall be explored briefly, to add illumination as to its meaning. Martinez and Garcia[33] help us to understand the foregoing by stating: Neo-liberalism is a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last 25 years or so. Although the word is rarely heard in the United States, you can clearly see the effects of neo-liberalism here as the rich grow richer and the poor grow poorer. Around the world, neo-liberalism has been imposed by powerful financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter- American Development Bank.the capitalist crisis over the last 25 years, with its shrinking profit rates, inspired the corporate elite to revive economic liberalism. Thats what makes it neo or new. The concept of neoliberalism comes into play in terms of the ramifications of the recent U.S. subprime crisis. The following, represent market undercurrents that help to explain the underlying as well as overt facets involved that were linked factors that impacted the economy of Kazakhstan, along with the banking and financial market fallout from the subprime crisis. Per Martinez and Garcia[34] neoliberalims key points represent: Rule of the Market: This aspect of neoliberalism represents the freeing of private enterprise from bonds that are imposed by the state, irrespective of the impact such causes in terms of social change. The preceding entails developing internal mechanisms and policies that foster an increased openness to international investment as well as trade. In addition, price controls are removed, along with freedom of capital movement, services and goods. Deregulation: This aspect calls for the reduction of state regulation of all areas that would have an impact on reducing profits. Privatisation State owned enterprises are divested, representing banking institutions, utilities, hospitals, important industries, education system and allied areas. Unfortunately, in most instances privatisation has had the effect of putting a concentration of wealth in a few hands when systems are dismantled, as has been the case in Kazakhstan as well as other former Soviet bloc states, resulting in higher prices for goods and services. Elimination of the Concept of the Public Good or Community This represents replacement of the foregoing with what is termed as individual responsibility. This is exampled by pressuring the poorer segments of society to find their own solutions for lack of health care, employment and education, and then finding fault when they do not solve these and or similar problems Martinez and Garcia[35] further explain neoliberalim, by advising that it represents a policy reform that has been imposed by the World Bank and other global financial institutions. Neoliberalism in the United States is dismantling the welfare system, watering down labour rights, and causing cuts in social programs[36]. The explanation of neoliberalim is importantly in understanding what happened to the Russian economy and its new states after the break-up of the Soviet Union. The transition policy crafted for Russia after its economic collapse was crafted by what are termed as radical neoliberal reformers[37]. 4.1 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is the largest economy as well as nation in Central Asia, possessing extremely rich oil reserves along with minerals[38]. Agriculture also represents a strong sector and a good industrial base for the extraction and processing of some of these natural resources[39]. That foundation has provided stability for the countrys economy, which rests strongly on the export of oil, grain, and metals that have produced a GDP per capita that ranks 100 in the world, the United Kingdom stands at 19th[40]: Chart 1 GDP per Capita[41] Rank Country GDP per capita 1 Luxembourg $ 55,100 2 United States $ 37,800 3 Norway $ 37,700 7 Switzerland $ 32,800 8 Denmark $ 31,200 9 Iceland $ 30,900 10 Austria $ 30,000 11 Ireland $ 29,800 12 Canada $ 29,700 13 Belgium $ 29,000 14 Australia $ 28,900 15 Hong Kong $ 28,700 16 Netherlands $ 28,600 18 Japan $ 28,000 19 United Kingdom $ 27,700 20 Germany $ 27,600 21 France $ 27,500 86 Russia $ 8,900 91 World $ 8,200 95 Brazil $ 7,600 99 Iran $ 7,000 100 Kazakhstan $ 7,000 101 Romania $ 6,900 The economy of Kazakhstan is basically almost totally dependent upon the production of basic commodities (such as) agricultural products like wheat and livestock, minerals like copper, alumina, lead, zinc, iron ore, and steel, and mineral fuels like oil, gas, and coal [42]. Prior to the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis the Kazakhstan economy had been enjoying a steady growth rate, primarily as a result of oil exports, with real GDP growth ranging around 10.4% for the period between 2000 and 2004 that marked a major improvement from the sluggish growth rates of the 1990s as the country adjusted from its neoliberial start[43]. During that period the economy recorded modest inflation, with a governmental budget surplus[44]. On the negative side, and a facet that is important in understanding the later review of the real estate sector, is that the business environment is known for widespread corruption that impedes the conduct of business[45]. As real estate is a valued commodity, this a spect needs to be considered in the evaluation of factors involved in the subprime mortgage credit crunch. The financial sector of the country is reported as being relatively well developed, marked by low interest rate spreads[46]. A report by Nathan Associates[47] commented that the rapid growth of credit needed to be accompanied by improved regulation of the financial market as well as supervision, a critical factor when a crisis situation surfaces. The following illustrates key economic areas: Table 2 Kazakhstan Analysis / Notable Strengths and Weaknesses[48] The basically strong economic underpinnings are weakened by the moderately structured state of the financial sector, and the countrys corruption index. The countrys overall monetary and fiscal policies were rated as sound in the Nathan Associates[49] report, which emphasised the reliance on oil exports as a key driver of the economy as productivity of the workforce is rated low. As mentioned, corruption is a problem in the business sector where under the Index of Economic Freedom the country ranks 76th in the world which puts it in the category of mostly free[50]: Table Index of Economic Freedom 2008[51] Category United Kingdom Kazakhstan United States Rank 10 76 5 Overall Score 79.55 60.54 80.56 Business Freedom 90.79 56.53 91.69 Trade Freedom 86.0 86.2 86.8 Fiscal Freedom 61.2 80.1 68.3 Government Size 40.06 84.68 59.81 Monetary Freedom 80.75 71.87 83.67 Investment Freedom 90 30 80 Financial Freedom 90 60 80 Property Rights 90 30 90 Freedom from Corruption 86 26 73 Labour Freedom 80.7 80 92.3 * The ranking system represents 80-100 Free / 70 79.9 Mostly Free / 60-69.9 Moderately Free / 50-59.9 Mostly Free / 0-49.9 Repressed Atmaty is Kazakhstans largest city, having a population that exceeds 1,226,000, and is the major commerce centre of the country[52]. Considered as relatively stabile, the real estate in Atmaty has been noted as a destination for foreign investment form many individuals with capital, termed as well to do[53]. Condo sales in Atmaty moved briskly prior to the financial crisis. In a report generated by the American Chamber of Commerce in January of 2006[54], before the financial crisis, Land development, construction and marketing of commercial and residential properties (had) become a vital part of the national economy. Figure Map of Kazakhstan[55] Figure Map of Almaty, Kazakhstan[56] The increase in real estate investment prior through 2006 had been a result of the introducing of policies and reforms to spur investment and growth in that sector, which impacted Almaty, Astana and Atyrau[57]. Real estate market investment and growth have proceeded well in Almaty since the late 1990s, however the moving of the capital to Astana saw a moderate transition of residents that included many governmental personnel[58]. The real estate sectors growth rate during that period showed an overheating of domestic real estate prices as well as prices for assets, along with building pressures in terms of the appreciation of the real exchange rate[59]. In a report generated by the Harvard Business School Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness[60], the overall prospects for the economy were rated as declining due to the preceding factors, which also included the dominance of oil in the nations economy as creating overall imbalances. The competitive challenges for the country as indicated in the preceding report mentioned that this was also a declining factor in that the geographical location is remote, the structural weakness in the business environment, the lack of human intellectual capital as well as institutional capacity to tackle the broad range of economic and competitive issues to be addressed, the lack of clear policy priorities that sets forth a sequenced methodology for achieving goals and objectives to develop a balanced economy, and a vision of where the country sees itself heading over the long term, with the road map to reach that destination[61]. The Harvard Business School report pointed out other structural weaknesses as represented by the following[62]: The prosperity the country has been able to achieve has been derived from the selling of natural resources and real estate, without the benefit of an industrial base and other forms of trade. The prosperity of the country is constrained as a result of it being dependent upon the use of natural resources, thus rendering growth beyond that realm as limited. The countrys government is heavily engaged in the economy, along with it being the owner as well as distributor of wealth as defined by natural resources. Interest groups seek increasing portions of the countrys wealth thus ignoring investments in production facilities and the development of a manufacturing and or industrial base. The countrys resource revenue dependency and unproductive economic policies permit wasteful methods. Resources are utilised to support subsidies that contribute to wasteful practices The preceding broad based review of the economic sector has been undertaken to reveal the structural components of the economy of Kazakhstan, and its small manufacturing underpinnings that indicate an economic weakness. The foregoing represents a potential financial bubble that could suffer dramatic reversal in economic downturns and or financial crisis situations. The preceding analysis of the Kazakhstan economy is supported by a report conducted by the International Monetary Fund in 2005[63] that pointed to the same economic sector structural weaknesses: Inflationary pressures are being created by increases in governmental salaries thus creating a demographic market inconsistent with the country as a whole. The monetary challenges in the country were indicated as continuing as a result of the dependency on oil revenues. It also stated that the appreciation of the value of the currency is contributing to heightened pressures on inflation. The International Monetary Fund placed particular emphasis on the area of bank credit that has seen a dramatic rise, mentioning the real estate sector in particular. It stated that the increase in banking credit was being financed through external borrowing that creates significant risks As shown throughout this Literature Review, the heightening of credit lending, and real estate under an inflationary currency, underpinned by an economy highly dependent upon oil and raw material exports, does not represent a strong foundation for hard asset appreciation (Real estate) over the long term[64]. In a report generated by the International Monetary Fund[65] specific risks associated with the real estate sector were mentioned as a result of the rapid rise in lending. The increased risk as a result of the heightened rise in mortgage and consumer borrowing tripled during 2004, with indications pointing to continued increases in these areas[66]. Consumer borrowing for reasons related to property, meaning including straight mortgage loans, represented 37% of bank portfolios exposed to real estate, which is extraordinarily high[67]. The IMF report went on to state that as a result of lending limits on banks for real estate have been established, such limits were basically meanin gless as this was circumvented by disguising real estate loans as consumer lending to hide their categories[68]. Another weakness in this area was revealed by the fact that there were no income disclosure requirements for commercial property loans as well as construction loans[69]. Other underlying problems in the banking sector was also identified, as the Kazakhstan banking sector had dramatically increased its international borrowing to underwrite the domestic extension of credit[70] The International Monetary Fund revealed concern over long-term bonds that were being issued by the banking sector as a result of the concern over contract options permitting the lenders to exercise early repayment options which would impact upon the maturity rates[71]. Supervisory increases concerning regulatory aspects in the banking sector were also raised as the rapid growth in the sector, the heightened consumer borrowing profile and increase in real estate, commercial property and construction loans indicated a heavily banking portfolio skew in one economic sector thus indicating portfolio imbalance[72]. The promotion of Almaty as the countrys financial sector after the moving of the capital had helped to stabilise the real estate sector after some resident relocations and moving, however concern was indicated regarding the building in the commercial sector in anticipation of such growth, which was also accompanied by real estate purchase for speculative as well as income potentials[73]. All of the preceding points to a relative strength in economic growth, but weaknesses in the structure of the underlying economy as a result of dependence on oil revenues. The extension of a disproportionate percentage of loans into the real estate sector for commercial, construction and real estate also was indicated as a structural weakness. Inflation represents an important term in this examination. It, inflation, according to the 1983 definition as contained in Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, represents[74]: An increase in the amount of currency in circulation, resulting in a relatively sharp and sudden fall in its value and rise in prices: it may be caused by an increase in the volume of paper money issued or of gold mined, or a relative increase in expenditures as when the supply of goods fails to meet the demand. In 2000, Websters Dictionary revised its definition of inflation to read[75]: A persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money, caused by an increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods and services. The new definition indicated that inflation was the consequence of rising prices as opposed to being its cause, a significant change in face of the preceding review of Kazakhstans economy and its direction prior to the financial crisis. The definition view of Websters revised version is supported by a number of sources. InvestorWords.com[76] define inflation as The overall general upward price movement of goods and services in an economy, usually as measured by the Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price Index. Over time as the cost of goods and services increase, the value of a dollar is going to fall because a person wont be able to purchase as much with that dollar as he/she previously could.[77] The economic growth in Kazakhstan prior to the financial crisis was underpinned my mild inflation that was somewhat keep in check by oil revenues and external banking sector borrowing that supplied currency for consumer lending and real estate. Thus when the crisis hit, these sectors underlying weaknesses magnified. 4.2 London As the capital of England, London has always held a pivotal place in the economy of the country. It is home to the second most important financial capital in the world after New York[78], with the prices for real estate in London among the worlds highest, competing with New York and Tokyo for that distinction[79]. In equating London with Almaty, there are a large number of fundamental differences that shall be covered herein in order to provide understandings as to the impact of the financial crisis on each locale. In brief, London is a global financial capital as well as location for retailing, corporate headquarters for global companies, is a pivotal location as a gateway between the United States and Europe, is a shipping destination as well as being linked with the strong economic underpinnings of the European Union. The foregoing are highlighted differences between it and landlocked, oil dependant Almaty that has a limited economic base, however, there are a host of factors that go deeper. London has a strong and skilled workforce that is highly diverse, along with an economic base that is spread into differing sectors thus offering balance in the case of economic downturns. In a survey of the most costly cities, London ranked as third after Tokyo and Osaka Japan[80]: Table 3 Worlds Most Costliest Cities[81] Rank Location Last years rank 1 Tokyo, Japan 1 2 Osaka, Japan 4 3 London, Britain 2 4 Moscow, Russia 3 5 Seoul, South Korea 7 6

Benefits Of Taking A Mort-Gauge Loan Essay - 550 Words

Benefits Of Taking A Mort-Gauge Loan (Essay Sample) Content: KW Mortgages Walpole MAOwning a home is essential and important to everyone seeing as we all need a roof over our heads. When looking to own a home, you may need to get a licensed Mortgage Loan Officer. This officer will assist with home loan needs like, First Time Purchase, Renovation, and Second home Purchase.Mortgages Walpole MA, are given with expertise and great knowledge. Loan officers will ensure that you get to know the features related with the loan package you choose and that it fits into your exact financial capabilities. When looking for a home, you need to find a realtor who knows the real estate market inside out and is committed to working on an efficient, low cost package that allows you to save on cost and get affordable mortgage solutionsIt is advisable that one get the Renovation Loan Package. With this package one gets, a home buyer is able to finance the purchase and future renovations on the house with the same loan. Besides this, the Renovation loan has other very great features. The amount of cash you are allowed to borrow for buying and future repairs is based on the appreciated value of the house after the improvements and renovations are done. Since renovation costs are spread across the entire duration of the loan, monthly installments are relatively lower than other loan packages. After closing on the loan, there is no need to postpone developments.Another very unique feature of this package is its simplicity. It has only one application, one set of payment, one closing to attend and one payment to make each month. There are no complications to the loan. The profit on the cost of repairs is taxable.Other features of the renovation loan include low down payments of as little as 3.5% for the refinancing, the loan rate is up to 97.75% of its value after renovation, eligibility of properties where single family units and homes in planned developments are eligible, the underwriting guidelines are very flexible that is you must have a credit score of 640 and you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t need to be a first time buyer and you get maximum loan amounts of 96.5% after renovations. For a refinance it is 97.75% these amounts are however subject to the FHA limits.The stages for renovation are as follows: first purchase the property of choice. Then you get the preliminary costs and a total overhaul. Renovate the house by making it water and windproof and the...

Algebra Age-Related Word Problem Worksheets

Can There Ever Be A Just War On Terror - 2819 Words

Can there ever be a just war on terror A Just War is a war which is fought, however, conducted under certain rules and regulations; these were created by Thomas Aquinas and Francisco de Vitoria. (Anon,[n.d]a), This theory is used as a means of showing those who are going to war, excluding those which classify under the regulations, that going to war is wrong and were deemed immoral. The intentions which were used to forward this process were to encourage the other states that there are other means of resolving conflict and to prevent war. The conditions of a Just War are that the choice of engaging in war is the last option and the probability of success is to be weighed. The war must be fought by a recognised legal authority, (the†¦show more content†¦Also the appropriate authority must be the persons who have declared war and ensured that this call was done on the basis of last resort, after trying to attempt all other methods which could assist in resolving the conflict. The second principle which is of the just war theory is Jus in Bello. (Anon,[n.d]b), These are rules and guidelines which explain some steps that the state must adhere to whilst in the conflict. In order to follow this principle, the states must follow proportionality and discrimination during the conflict. Those who are in fighting in the conflict must not use excessive force, only the force which is needed to achieve the necessary outcome. It is also important for them to be careful and precise when identifying any enemy combatants, and always ensuring they avoid civilians at all costs including illegitimate targets which could potentially cause destruction and violation on their individual rights. (Anon,[n.d]b), There is evidence that wars have been fought in the past and these rules and guidelines have been met. Using World War Two (1939-1945) for this example, it can be shown that this was a Just War. World War Two was fought by Germany and the Allied Countries legal authorities (Filipini, 2003). The rule, in regards to ‘†¦correcting evil’ was followed another means to this war was to correct the evil Hitler was doing in Germany and with the Nazis. The allied countries weighed up their probability of

Family Values - 1142 Words

Family Values Paper Family Values Paper The concept of family as the client has become an integral part of nursing practice. The American Nurses Association states that nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. It is this thinking that nursing continues to strive to assist patients not only achieve their optimal physical health, but also their family culture is equally important when it comes to healing. As nurses continue to understand the dynamics of a patient’s family system, it is clear that the word†¦show more content†¦Integrating these two core concepts is instrumental to the success of family presence. Family presence is a journey that many emergency departments are starting to embark on. With many organizations aligning their visions as patient and family centered this journey has to start with strong leadership. Many healthcare professionals have doubts as to whether or not this is truly beneficial for the patient’s families, and also what legal ramifications does this process have in the long run. A multidisciplinary team needs to be established early on consisting of; senior management, legal counsel, clergy, department leadership, physicians, nurses and other key staff. This key group can work to develop a hospital policy that clearly defines and develops the roles needed to facilitate a positive experience. Nurses will provide the most â€Å"buy in† for this process. It is important to develop a robust educational plan to support nurses in their roles. Role playing is a great way to ensure staff competency with this endeavor. Families need to feel that all who invite them in the room is agreeable to the situation, and that the lines of communication are clear. Role playing identifies staff that is not supportive of the process, and might need more education to truly understand the closure it brings to families. All too often families are off in a roomShow MoreRelatedFamily Values736 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis Family values have changed a lot over the past few decades. The main reason for this is because society has been changing and becoming more open, therefore values for families and individuals have changed with it. The writer of â€Å"Values, Family, and a Changing Society† (F. Ivan Nye) takes the time to define different types of values and how they have defined family values. The message of the article is talking about how societal change has been shaping the values of family and life inRead MoreFamily Values1020 Words   |  5 PagesFamily Values Mary Boman NUR/542 September 10, 2012 Koh Family Values Family nursing is still seen as a fairly new specialty area in nursing. There has been discussion to define what family nursing is and what role family and nursing play in this matter. The consensus is that all definitions have as core concepts the notion of providing nursing care to families and family members (Braun amp; Foster, 2011). Nurses have realized what an important role that families can play in promoting positiveRead MoreFamily Structure And Family Values Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, family structure and a families morals and values has changed drastically from generation to generation. From a families core values to women not working in the workforce to women making up a good chunk of our current workforce, to even the norms of dating and the roles of religion and culture in a family. times now are significantly different than they use to be. With technology a new driving force interfering with families and the world altogether, their have been many adaptationsRead MoreFamily And Family Arrangements And Values1505 Words   |  7 PagesFrom There to Here Family Is The Definition of family, is relative, no pun intended. It depends on your background and experiences. Family can be friends or blood relatives, it can mean many different things to everyone. But most importantly I think it means support, you should consider to be a part of your family anyone who supports the decisions that you make, and doesn’t judge you for them. This can include friends, and family. It’s important to decide for yourself what matters most to you, andRead MoreFamily Obligation And Family Values Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesFamily obligation is strongly related to how much one values their families’ opinions and the degree to which family values are respected and complied with. This degree of familial obligation varies across cultures, in part, due to the different schemas that are represented across cultures. There are two separate classifications for these schemas, collectivistic and individualistic (Triandis, 1988). The majority of people w ho belong to individualistic cultures have an independent schema while peopleRead MoreFamily Value Is Important For Life1696 Words   |  7 Pagesstands out above all would value of family because they are always there for us when we need them the most. They always find a way to make our life more meaningful. I believe family value is important for living a meaningful life. Family value is something that we hold very precious the most which is why they make our life more meaning to it. Even though there are a lot of things that can make our human life matter, however, in my opinion, the significance of human values, connected social life, andRead MoreHaitian Family Values841 Words   |  3 PagesFamily values are ideals that are learned traditionally in a family and are reinforced within the familial unit. Family values can be very diverse between different cultures. Some of these family values are the way children are raised, discipline, gender roles in the family, and the way f amilies choose to live. Family values are a major part of Haitian culture and they are very important to Haitians. This is my favorite aspect of all of Haitian Culture. For all Haitian families, no matter what classRead MoreFamily Values Paper943 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: FAMILY VALUES PAPER Family Value Paper Katie Chieda University of Phoenix Dynamics of Family Systems: NUR/542 February 21, 2011 Carla Diebold Read MoreEssay about Family Values507 Words   |  3 Pages When raising a child one is taught values by their families that they feel are important for their child to have. I believe that family values consist of certain actions and qualities that are important to a family to uphold. Values that are important in my family are honesty, trust and to have respect for others. Each of these values is equally important in my family. They played a big role into making me the person I am now. Growing up in my family taught me that honesty is the best policyRead More Family Values and The Status of The Traditional American Family792 Words   |  4 Pagesthe term family values, many different ideas can come to mind. Morals, religion, beliefs, tradition, expectation, controversy, and misuse are some things that may come to mind when the term â€Å"family values† is mentioned. The true definition and meaning of family values can most likely never be directly pinpointed, but it is always going to be a known fact that family values are always going to have different meanings to different people. It is the common misunderstanding that family values are just

Unfair Labour Practices - 1195 Words

ASSIGHNMENT OF LABOUR LAW ON UNFAIR LABOUR PRACTICES Submitted to- submitted by- Mrs Archna Shukla Shikhar Dixit B.A. LL.B(H) V sem (A8108309048) UNFAIR LABOUR PRACTICES ------------------------------------------------- Chapter- 10 of The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 deals with the unfair labour practices. Section- 25T ------------------------------------------------- Prohibition of unfair labour practice No employer or workman or a trade union, whether registered under the Trade Unions Act, 1926 (16 of 1926), or not, shall commit any unfair labour practice†¦show more content†¦To insist upon individual workmen, who are on a legal strike to sign a good conduct bond, as a pre-condition to allowing them to resume work. 9. To show favouritism or partiality to one set of workers regardless of merit. 10. To employ workmen as ‘badlis†, casuals or temporaries and to continue them as such for years, with the object of depriving them of the status and privileges of permanent workmen. 11. To discharge or discriminate against any workman for filing charges or testifying against an employer in any enquiry or proceeding relating to any industrial dispute. 12. To recruit workmen during a strike which is not an illegal strike. 13. Failure to implement award, settlement or agreement. 14. To indulge in act,, of force or violence. 15. To refuse to bargain collectively, in good faith with the recognised trade unions. 16. Proposing or continuing a lock-out deemed to be illegal under this Act. It is difficult to define and lay down exhaustive test of unfair labour practice, but it may be said that any practice, which violates the directive principles of state policy contained in Article 43 of the constitution and such other Articles as deal with the decent wages and living conditions for workmen amount to unfair practice. In Eveready flash light company. Labour court barielly, the company appointed a workman on daily rate basis on 18th January 1958 after trying himShow MoreRelatedUnfair Labour Practices3811 Words   |  16 Pageswritten or unwritten. When an employer hires a worker, he can demand labour, and agree on a price for that labour. The offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create a legal relationship constitute a bargain to which compliance can be sought in law. When trade unions negotiate a collective agreement with employers, the process and the outcome are somewhat different. In the first place, trade unions do not sell labour to employers, unlike individual workers. Likewise, employers do not payRead MoreUnfair Labour Practices1394 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper on Unfair Labor Practice ________________________________________ Introduction The development of fair labor standards and its adoption in the business world was aimed at achieving a decent and humane working condition (farex. 2012). This defines the manner in which the relationship between the employer and the employees should be based on several principles based on the constitution. Fair labor practices include principles like non discrimination in which no person shouldRead MoreThe Stock Market Crash Of 19291273 Words   |  6 Pagesestablish minimum wages and maximum hours, eliminate unfair trade practices, and guarantee the right of labour to bargain collectively. The NRA established 557 basic codes and 208 supplementary codes that ultimately affected about 22 million workers. Although the codes were quickly drawn and very complicated, they reflected the interests of big business at the expense of the consumer and small businessman. Nevertheless, these codes did improve labour conditions in some industries and also aided theRead MoreEconomic Effects Of Labor Abuse1267 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to David Barboza (2008), a writer for the New York Times and winner of the Pulitzer prize for international reporting, â€Å"In 2007, factories that supplied more than a dozen corporations, including Wal-Mart, Disney and Dell, were accused of unfair labor practices, including using child labor, forcing employees to work 16-hour days on fast-moving assembly lines, and paying workers less than minimum wage. (Minimum wage in this part of China is about 55 cents an hour.)† The amount of savings seems hugeRead Moreâ€Å"the History of the Caribbean Is the History of the Exploitation of Labour† - with Reference to Slavery and the Encomienda Labour System†1045 Words   |  5 Pagesof labour† - with reference to slavery and the Encomienda labour system† In the above statement â€Å"the history of the Caribbean is the history of the exploitation of labour,† it simply states that the Caribbean’s history is basically the history of its exploitation of labour. The definitions of keywords exploitation and labour must be considered. Exploitation can be defined as the practice of taking selfish or unfair advantage of a person or situation, usually for personal gain, while labour isRead MoreCase Analysis : Walmart Stores788 Words   |  4 Pagesthese unions. They can also explain them that the employees are treated as â€Å"associates† rather than just â€Å"employees† so it is duty of them to protect the best interests of the company. Question 2: The certification of the first Walmart was hailed by labour as a milestone event? It is considered as a milestone because Walmart has been trying every trick in the book to avoid unionization of its workforce. The working conditions in most of the Walmart stores where poor and sometimes they force their workersRead MoreIs Your Chocolate the Result of Unfair Exploitation of Child Labor650 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study #1: Please refer to Mini Case Mini-Case â€Å"Is Your Chocolate the Result of Unfair Exploitation of Child Labor?† 1. Should labor practices in another country be a relevant consideration in international trade? Why or why not? Yes, labor practices in another country should be relevant for consideration in international trade. The reason for concern is labor and social advocates has increased imports from countries in which labor standards are apparently notRead MoreChallenges Facing The World Today s Society1021 Words   |  5 Pagesidea of what it means to be a citizen is changing rapidly. Profits and principles are now correlated along with the idea that green is the new gold. Companies that do not follow this tend to be punished, like Walmart and Nike in terms of unfair labour practices. The triple bottom line is also key in creating a progressive company. Greenwashing is an issue where companies are perceived as being more environmentally friendly than they really are. People are prepared to pay more for products made byRead MoreRole Of The Wto On Addressing Labour Standards1107 Words   |  5 PagesAppropriate role of the WTO in addressing labour standards Introduction The relationship between international trade and labour standards is a key issue today. The relation defines the link between developing countries and advanced industrialized nations. International enforcement of labour standards is justifiable from two frontiers of arguments. The first one opines that â€Å"unfair† labour conditions and practices exist in many countries and trading partners and call for the need to offset an occurrenceRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Easyjet1159 Words   |  5 Pagesflights in major cities across Europe, and not afraid to maintain this by strategic financial management e.g. By keeping expenses and overheads low, charging customers for inflight meals, charging levies on baggage. Also, easyJet tactically lower labour costs. Staff work multiple roles, seeing staff taking on a hands-on customer service from gate to cabin, which otherwise would be see three times as many staff present at competitor’s airlines. Mission EasyJet vision statement states†¦ Our vision

Enlight Ment free essay sample

Was a literate and a philosopher, a Jurist and an economist, and above all- one of the most important exponents of the Italian Enlightenment. At the plaza which is named after him there is a statue in his honor. He was born in Milan into an old noble family. He graduated In law and spent his life In Milan were he frequented the del , environment culturally rich and very fashionable, collaborating also with the famous newspaper IN Cuffs ©.With the help of Very, one of the founders of the academy, in 1764 he reached to write and publish in less than a year his most famous work. On Crimes and Punishments, which Is also one of the most significant works of this period of Important cultural transformations. HIS book had a great success in the whole Europe, and especially in France, where he began to travel after an invitation by French Intellectuals. We will write a custom essay sample on Enlight Ment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But he did not fit in this kind of life and he always returned to Milan, where he spent the rest of his life and where he later died In 1794. was one of the most Important catalysts and supporters of the reform movement against continental criminal law which was characterized all over Europe for its extreme cruelty and lack of reason; he had also an important role in the widely spread Enlightenment Reform of XVIII century, Inspired In the Ideals of autonomy, and war against oppressors. The imagination in a mathematician who creates makes no less difference than in a poet who invents. Of all the great men of antiquity, Archimedes may be the one who most deserves to be placed beside Homer.Jean ? Discourse De 1 . Liberty is the right to do what the law permits. -Nonentities 2. All wealth is the product of labor. John This means that if you want to be wealthy (in body, mind or soul) you have to work hard. There Is no way you can get what you want unless you work for It. John 1632 1704 1 690 Essay concerning Human Understanding New opinions are always suspected, and usually opposed, without any other reason but because they are not already common. No mans knowledge here can go beyond his experience. It is one thing to show a man that he is in error, and another to put him In possession of truth . Reason is natural revelation. Crooked things may be as stiff and as straight: and men may be as positive In error as In truth. All men are liable to error; and most men are, In many points, by passion or interest, under temptation to it. 1690 Second Treatise of Civil 1 Whatsoever (man) removes out of the state that nature hath provided and left it in, he hath mixed his labor with, and Joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property. The end of law is, not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. This power to act according to discretion for the public good, without the prescription of the law, and sometimes even against it, is hat which is called prerogative. Kant 1724-1804 1784 Out of the crooked timber of humanity no straight thing can ever be made. 1785 Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics There is an imperative which commands a certain conduct immediately, without having as its condition any other purpose to be attained by it.This imperative is Categorical. This imperative may be called that of Morality. 1785 Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics Happiness is not an ideal of reason but of imagination. 1788 Critique of Practical Reason Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing wonder and awe, the more often and the more seriously reflection concentrates upon them: the starry heaven above me and the moral law within me. Benjamin Franklin 1706- 1790 1735 Poor Richards Almanac Some are weather-wise, some are otherwise. April 1735 Poor Richards Almanac Necessity never made a good bargain. 1748 Remember that time is money. 1758 Poor Richards Almanac He that lives upon hope will die fasting. I 1758 Poor Richards Almanac A little neglect may breed mischief for want of a nail, the shoe was lost; for want f a shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost. November 13, 1789- Letter to Jean Roy: In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes. April 1778 Man is a tool-making animal. When asked what was the use of a new invention, Franklin replied: What is the use of a new-born child? July 1776- At the signing of the Declaration of Independence: We must indeed all hang together, or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately. September 11, 1783 There never was a good war, or a bad peace.

The Importance of Money free essay sample

In this topic we will be studying and describing the fundamental role that money plays in facilitating exchange and, thereby, allowing for specialization. Why Specialization? Then you need to think about it: why money leads to specialization? why an economy needs to use money at all . We may also discuss on the disadvantages of barter. The other thing that need to be focused on is measurement of money. Why we have different type of measurement of money supply? What is the purpose? Last and not least the idea of the payments system, that is, a discussion on the evolution of the payments system from precious metals to currency and checks to electronic funds transfer services—such as automated teller machines (ATMs) and debit cards. For those who be in the forum, try your best to answer the questions that have been given here. These are some of the questions that we are to discuss it in first seminar. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Money or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Outline I. Meeting the Needs of Exchange with Money A) Money makes exchange more efficient and allows for specialization. B) The type of exchange known as barter, where goods and services are exchanged directly for other goods and services is inefficient because it incurs high transactions costs. C) Voluntary trade may be sidestepped by using government allocation to distribute goods and services, but this is unlikely to be successful because it ignores market forces. D) Money has four key functions that make it the most efficient means of trade: 1. Money acts as a medium of exchange, which is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services or in the settlement of debts. . Money is a unit of account, which is a way of measuring value in the economy in terms of money. 3. Money is a store of value, in that it is an asset or a thing of value that can be owned and is, therefore, a component of wealth. 4. Money offers a standard of deferred value in credit transactions. E) The value of money depends on its purchasing power. 1. A decline in the purchasing power of money is known as infla tion and an increase in the purchasing power of money is know as deflation. 2. Changes in the value of money over time can be computed using a price index, which is a summary statistic that reflects changes in the price of a group of goods and services relative to the price in a base year. F) There are five criteria a good must meet to be suitable as a medium of exchange: 1. The good must be acceptable to most traders. 2. It should be of standardized quality. 3. It should be durable. 4. It should be valuable relative to its weight. 5. It should be divisible. II. The Payments System A) The mechanism for conducting transactions in an economy is known as a payments system. B) Definitive money is money that does not have to be converted into a more basic medium of exchange. C) Physical goods, such as gold and silver, when used to accomplish trade are called commodity money. D) A system in which the definitive money is money authorized by a central bank or governmental body as legal tender—that is, the money must be accepted to discharge debts and tax payments must be in cash or checks denominated in that money—is known as a fiat money system. E) Checks are promises to pay definitive money on demand and are drawn on money deposited with a financial institution. 1. Settling transactions with checks requires more steps than settling transactions with cash. 2. Checks are less liquid than cash and there is a cost to using checks. F) Settling and clearing transactions can now be done with computers in electronic funds transfer systems. 1. Debit cards and automated teller machines are examples of electronic funds transfer devices. . Eighty percent of the dollar value of transactions among financial institutions is conducted electronically. G) The efficiency of the payments system reduces the cost of settling transactions. III. Measuring the Money Supply A) Economists have developed different definitions of the money supply based on the differences in the assets included as money. B) The narrowest definition of the money supply is M1, which includes currency, travelers checks, and checking account deposits. C) M2 includes the assets in M1 plus short-term investment accounts. D) M3 includes the assets in M1 and M2 plus such less liquid assets as large- denomination time deposits, institutional money market mutual fund balances, term repurchase agreements, and others E) In the 1980s and 1990s economists and policy makers have considered M2 the best measure of the money supply. F) The monetary aggregates move broadly together over long periods of time, although there have been significant differences in their movements during certain periods.